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Revising Just War Theory for the 21st Century
The Forum is in the first year of a five year project to develop a revised Just War Theory for the 21st century. This revision of Just War Theory is intended to produce an ethics of war that explicitly addresses new issues which have risen to prominence at the start of the 21st century, particularly international terrorism, humanitarian intervention, the use of child soldiers, the use of torture, and the employment of private military companies. The project will focus on ethics but will incorporate relevant historical, legal, political and cultural analysis, involving prominent ethicists, international lawyers, experts in international relations, experts in public policy, and scholars of the world religions.
One dimension of this project, which sets it apart from most analyses of the legal and ethical issues involved in Just War Theory, will be a close attention to the contribution which the world’s religious traditions can make to understand the ethical dimensions of just warfare. If Just War Theory is going to succeed as a global ethic, then the major cultural and religious traditions of the world will need to have a sense that they can “buy into” the ethic. Additionally, the world religions can function as motivational support for adherence to the ethics of Just War Theory as a foundational aspect of successful conflict resolution and Just Peace.
This proposed revision of Just War Theory is not only the next logical step forward in the contemporary academic discussion of the ethics of war, but is also intended as an important tool for policy makers. The objective of this project is to develop a revised version of classic Just War Theory that is appropriate to the context in which we find ourselves in the 21st century.
Director: Joseph Runzo, Executive Director, Global Ethics and Religion Forum
Associate Directors:
Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven, Director, Institut fur Theologie und Frieden, Hamburg, Germany
Asa Kasher, Vice President, Jerusalem Centre of Ethics; Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Co-founder, Journal of Military Ethics; Editor, Philosophia
Philip Towle, Reader in International Studies and Former Director, Centre for International Studies, University of Cambridge, England
Project Events:
w
Initial Consultation
Joseph Runzo, Executive Director, Global Ethics and Religion Forum;
Asa Kasher, Tel Aviv University; Philip Towle, Cambridge University;
Elliot Dorff, University of
Judaism; Robin Wang, Loyola Marymount University; Nathan Tierney,
California Lutheran University
Southern California, April 8, 2006
w Canada 3-day Symposium on "Religion and War"
Global Congress on "The World's Religions After 9/11"
Director: Joseph
Runzo
September 11-15, 2006, Montreal, Canada
w Washington, D.C. AAR Symposium on "Just War for a Just Peace: Religious Contributions to Revising Just War Theory"
Director: Joseph Runzo
American Academy of Religion
Annual Meeting
November 18-21, 2006, Washington, D.C.
w Cambridge University Symposium “Revising Just War Theory for the 21st Century”
Director: Joseph Runzo
November 22, 2006, Clare Hall, Cambridge University
w Israel Symposium on “Military Ethics”
Sponsors: International Association for Military Pedagogy and the Jerusalem Centre for Ethics
Director: Asa Kasher
June 2007, Jerusalem Centre for Ethics, Israel
w Mexico Pre-Parliament of the World’s Religions Symposia on “Religion and
Armed Conflict”
Director: Joseph Runzo
September 21-26, 2007, Monterrey, Mexico
w San Diego AAR Symposium on “Religious Perspectives on Military Humanitarian Intervention”
Director: Nancy M. Martin, Chapman University
American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting
November 17, 2007, San Diego, California
w U.K. Symposium with Senior Officers of Her Majesty’s Royal Forces
Director: Philip Towle
Sponsors: Directors of Defense Studies, United Kingdom; Centre for International Studies and Clare Hall, Cambridge University; International Association for Military Pedagogy
December/January 2007/2008, Cambridge University
w Hamburg Conference on “The History and Future of Just War Theory”
Co-sponsor: Institut fur Theologie und Frieden
Director: Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven
Easter period 2008 (March 23); Alternate: early June 2008 (after June 8)
w Proposed Volume in Collaboration with ITHF
“The History and Future of Just War Theory”
1. Cicero
2. Augustine
3. Thomas Aquinas
4. Victoria
5. Suarez
6. Luther
7. Kant
8. 20th Century Catholic Thought
9. 20th Century Lutheran Thought
10. The Future of JWT
w U.S.A. Proposed Conference on “Peace as the End of War”
Director: Joseph Runzo and Nancy Martin
May 2008, Southern California
w Israel: Sea of Galilee Conference
Sponsors: German Government, U.S. Institute of Peace ?
Summer 2008 (after June 8)
Directors: Joseph Runzo and Gerhard Beestermoeller
Pilgerhaus Tabgha, The German Association of the Holy Land
w Australia Proposed Conference on "Religion, War and Justice"
Director: Seamus Miller
Associate Directors:
Joseph Runzo and Nathan Tierney
August 2008, Australian National University
w Netherlands Proposed Conference on “African Traditions, Just War Theory,
and Reconciliation”
Director: Gerrie ter Haar
Fall 2008, Institute for Social Sciences, The Hague
w U.S.A. Proposed Conference on "A Just War Theory for the 21st Century"
Directors: Joseph
Runzo and Philip Rossi, S.J.
Spring 2009, Marquette University
w Germany Proposed Conference, The Catholic Academy of Berlin
Director: Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven
RJWT Members and Bundestag Members
Early Summer 2009
Project Consultants:
Dr. Deane-Peter Baker (Religion and War; Private Military Companies) Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Dr. Gerhard Beestermoeller (History of Just War Theory; Christianity and Peace Studies; Terrorism; Torture) Deputy Director, Institut fur Theologie und Frieden, Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Drew Christiansen, S.J. (Justice and Peace; Ethics and International Affairs) Editor-in-Chief, America magazine, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
*Dr. Martin L. Cook (Military Ethics) Professor of Philosophy, Deputy Department Head at the United States Air Force Academy, U.S.A.
Rabbi Dr. Elliot Dorff (Ethics and Judaism) Professor of Philosophy, University of Judaism, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Colonel Paul Georg Ertl (Military Ethics; Private Military Companies) National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria
Dr. Richard Friman (Political Science; Human Rights) Professor of Political Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
*Dr. Lily Gardner-Feldman (Reconciliation) American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, The Johns Hopkins University
Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, JD (International Human Rights Law) Legal Advisor, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland
Dr. Stefan Halper (US National Security; International Security) Senior Fellow, Centre for International Studies, Cambridge University, U.K.
*Colonel Anthony E. Hartle (Military Ethics) Professor of Philosophy, Chair, English Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, U.S.A.
Dr. Brian Hebblethwaite (Christian Ethics) Emeritus, Queen’s College, Cambridge University, U.K.
Commander Vilehlm S. Holsting (Military Ethics; Ethics of Military Occupation) Royal Danish Defense College, Copenhagen, Denmark
Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven (History of Just War Theory; Christianity and Peace Studies) Director, Institut fur Theologie und Frieden, Hamburg, Germany
*Dr. Muhammad Kalisch (Islamic Theology: Jihad) Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Muenster, Germany
Dr. Asa Kasher (Just War Theory; Military Ethics; Ethics of Combating Terrorism) Vice President, Jerusalem Centre for Ethics, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University; co-founder, Journal of Military Ethics; editor, Philosophia; Israel Prize Laureate, Israel
Dr. Brian Lepard (Comparative Religion and International Law; Baha’i) Professor of Law, University of Nebraska, Nebraska, U.S.A.
*Dr. David Little (Human Rights, Religion and International Affairs) T. J. Dermot Dunphy Visiting Professor of the Practice in Religion, Ethnicity, and International Conflict and Faculty Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard Divinity School, U.S.A.
Lt. Colonel Juha Makinen (Military Ethics) Finnish National Defense University, Helsinki, Finland
Colonel Gavril Malos (Military Ethics) Professor, National Defense University, Bucharest, Romania
*Dr. Paulin Manwelo S.J. (International Law) Catholic University of East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
Dr. Seamus Miller (Just War Theory; Police Ethics) Director, Center for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics; Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Dr. Irfan Omar (Islam and Peace; World Religions; Islam in Asia) Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Marquette University, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Dr. William O’Neill, S.J. (Human Rights; Comparative Religious Ethics; Africa) Jesuit School of Theology, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
*Brian Orend Director of International Studies and Professor of Philosophy, University of Waterloo, Canada
Colonel Dietmar Pfarr (Military Ethics; Changing Military Role in Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution) National Defense Academy, Vienna, Austria
Dr. Kathryn Poethig (Feminism and Militarism) Assistant Professor of Religious Studies. California State University, Monterey Bay, California, U.S.A.
Captain Antti-Tuomas Pulkka (Military Ethics) Finnish National Defense University, Helsinki, Finland
Lt. Colonel Ronen Refael (Military Ethics; Ethics of Combating Terrorism) IDF Tactical Command College, Tel Aviv, Israel
Geoffery Robertson QC (International Human Rights Law) Master of the Middle Temple, Founder and Head of Doughty Street Chambers, and Visiting Professor in Human Rights, Queen Mary College, University of London, U.K.
Dr. Philip J. Rossi, S.J. (Christianity and Justice; Post-bellum Justice) Associate Dean of Graduate Studies and Professor of Theology, Marquette University, Wisconsin; Trustee, Creighton University, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Dr. Joseph Runzo (Ethics of War; Human Rights; Comparative World Religions) Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Chapman University; Life member, Clare Hall, Cambridge University; Executive Director, Global Ethics and Religion Forum, California, U.S.A.
Captain Michael Salo (Military Ethics) Finnish National Defense University, Helsinki, Finland
Dr. Deborah Sanders (Just War Theory; Military Ethics) Senior Lecturer, Defense Studies Department, King’s College, London; Joint Services Command and Staff College, Swindon, U.K.
Dr. Perry Schmidt-Leukel (Buddhism; Peace) Director, Centre for Inter-Faith Studies; Chair, World Religions for Peace, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Dr. Arvind Sharma (Hinduism and World Religions) Birks Professor of Comparitive Religion McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Lt. Colonel Harold Alexander Simpson (Military Ethics) U.K. Army Education and Training Branch/Joint Services Advanced Command and Staff College, Swindon, U.K.
Dr. Gerrie ter Haar (Human Rights; Religion and Politics, Africa) Professor of Human Rights, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands
Dr. Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite (Christianity and Just War) President, Chicago Theological Seminary, Illinois, U.S.A.
Dr. Nathan Tierney (Restorative Justice; Ethics) Professor of Philosophy California Lutheran University, California, U.S.A.
Dr. Philip Towle (International Relations; International Treaties; Just War Theory) Reader and Founding Director, Centre of International Studies, Cambridge University, U.K.
*Hans Waldenfels, S.J. Professor of Fundamental Theology and Religious Philosophy, University of Bonn, Germany
Dr. Robin Wang (Taoism and Confucianism) Associate Professor of Philosophy, Director, Asian Studies Program, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
Markus Wriedt (History of Just War Theory) Professor of Theology, University of Frankfurt, Germany and Marquette University, Milwaukee Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Dr. Xinzhong Yao (Confucianism; War) Professor of Confucianism, University of Wales, Lampeter, Wales
Dr. Onuma Yasuaki (International Law and War Crimes) Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Katherine K. Young (Hinduism; Ethics) Professor of Religious Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Revising Just War Theory for 21st Century Conflict Resolution
Proposed Book Outline
“The Ethics of War: Just War Theory and Military Ethics for the 21st Century”
Volume I
Introduction: The Purpose of a Just War Theory
a) Why a Just War Theory?: The Foundations of Conflict Resolution
b) Changes in the Nature of Warfare and the Failure of JWT
c) Distinctive Features of this Revised JWT
i. A Global and Cosmopolitan Approach
ii. Ethical Foundations as a Precondition of JWT
iii. Military Ethics as an Extension of JWT
iv. Special Attention to International Terrorism, Humanitarian Intervention, Child Soldiers, Private Military Companies and Torture
v. An Emphasis on Post-Bellum Considerations and the Nature of Peace
vi. Attention to the Perspectives of the World’s Religions
d) Methodology for Revising JWT
Part I: An Overview of Just War Theory
Chapter 1: What is “War?” - Just Policing vs. Just War
Chapter 2: A History of Just War Theory
Chapter 3: A History of “Peace” and Defining “Enemy”
Chapter 4: Classic Jus ad Bellum Considerations
Chapter 5: Classic Jus in Bello Considerations
Chapter 6: Taking a Global Perspective on Just War Theory
Part II: The Importance of Cultural/Religious Perspectives
Chapter 7: The Abrahamic Faiths
Chapter 8: Indic Traditions
Chapter 9: Chinese Traditions
Chapter 10: African/Indigenous Traditions
Chapter 11: “Holy War”
Volume II
Part III Document: A Revised Just War Theory for the 21st Century (RJWT)
Extended Senses of “War”
a) RJWT and Guerilla Warfare
b) RJWT and Revolutions
c) RJWT and Insurrections
d) RJWT and Terrorism
Part IV: Revising the Elements of Jus ad Bellum
Chapter 12: What Constitutes a “Proper Authority” to Declare War?: Unilateral vs. Multi-lateral Declarations of War
Chapter 13: Defining War as a “Last Resort”
Chapter 14: What Constitutes an “Imminent Threat” to Peace and Justice?
Chapter 15: How is “Right Intent” Determined for Warfare?
Chapter 16: What Are the Parameters of “Just Cause?”
Chapter 17: Humanitarian Intervention as a “Just Cause”
Chapter 18: What Constitutes a “Reasonable Hope of Success” and a “Reasonable Plan?”
Chapter 19: What Constitutes a “Proportional Response” to the Injustice or Threat to International Peace Being Addressed?
Part V: Revising the Elements of Jus in Bello
Chapter 20: Discrimination: Identifying “Non-combatants”
Chapter 21: Discrimination: Treating Prisoners as Non-combatants
Chapter 22: Discrimination: The Use of Torture
Chapter 23: Discrimination: Rape as a Military Weapon
Chapter 24: Discrimination: Defining “Terrorist”
Chapter 25: The Identification of Terrorist Organizations
Chapter 26: Proportionality: Criteria for a Proportional Response
Chapter 27: Proportionality: Weapons of Mass Destruction
Chapter 28: Proportionality: Nuclear Weapons
Chapter 29: Proportionality: Biological and Chemical Weapons
Chapter 30: Proportionality: The Long-Term Effects of Land Mines and Cluster Bombs
Chapter 31: Proportionality: Warfare and Environmental Ethics
Part VI: Soldiers and Armies
Chapter 32: Professional Military Training
Chapter 33: Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution
Chapter 34: Military Occupation and Police Ethics
Chapter 35: Soldiers vs. Mercenaries
Chapter 36: The Ethics of Private Military Companies
Chapter 37: Child Soldiers
Volume III
Part VII: Peace as the Aim of Warfare
Chapter 38: History of Post-bellum Ideals
Chapter 39: Defining “Peace”
Chapter 40: Is the Threat of Warfare a Means to Peace?
Chapter 41: Warfare and Reconciliation
Chapter 42: Reconciliation With the Dead
Chapter 43: Reconciliation Through Local Communities Rather than International Courts
Chapter 44: Warfare and Restorative Justice
Part VIII: The World Religions and “A Revised Just War Theory for the 21st Century”
Chapter 45: Judaism and RJWT
Chapter 46: Christianity and RJWT
Chapter 47: Islam and RJWT
Chapter 48: Baha’i and RJWT
Chapter 49: Hinduism and RJWT
Chapter 50: Buddhism and RJWT
Chapter 51: Sikhism and RJWT
Chapter 52: Taoism and RJWT
Chapter 53: Confucianism and RJWT
Part IX: Revised Just War Theory and Public Policy
Chapter 54: RJWT and International Law
Chapter 55: Teaching RJWT in Military Academies
Chapter 56: RJWT and National Governments
Chapter 57: RJWT and Intra-national Justifications for War
Bibliography
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